Digitalization of Education Programs to Enhance Cambodian Students’ Digital Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63381/jeilt.v1i2.61Keywords:
digital program, digitalization, quality, digital performance, literacy, competenceAbstract
This study examined the effects of digitalizing the education programs to enhance the students’ digital performance. It aimed to examining the influences of digitalizing the education programs on the development of interactive and personalized learning, skill development, improved access to resources, and blended and online learning. This study also determined the challenges of digitalizing the education changes – focusing on the infrastructure and access, digital literacy, teacher training, and financial and institutional support. By examining digitalization of the educational programs, this study used the analytical research design, with the secondary data analysis method for collecting and analyzing data. Secondary data was used for gathering information. The theoretical analysis method was employed to analyze the data gathered in determining the perspectives of digitalizing education programs to enhance the students’ digital performance. The results of this study elaborated on the effects of digitalizing the education programs, which improve the interactive learning, digital skill, digital access resources, and distance or hybrid learning. Digitalizing the education program significantly contributed to the betterment of students’ digital competence, skills, and literacy. Therefore, this study benefited the reform of education programs with the internet digital platforms in term to developing the teaching and learning methods, quality, outcomes, competence, and literacy.
References
Abad-Segura, E., González-Zamar, M. D., Infante-Moro, J. C., & Ruipérez García, G. (2020). Sustainable management of digital transformation in higher education: Global research trends. Sustainability, 12(5), 2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052107
Akhmetshin, E., Barmuta, K., Vasilev, V., Okagbue, H., & Ijezie, O. (2020, November). Principal directions of digital transformation of higher education system in sustainable education. E3S Web of Conferences, 208, 09042. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020809042
Akour, M., & Alenezi, M. (2022). Higher education future in the era of digital transformation. Education Sciences, 12(11), 784.
Alenezi, M. (2021). Deep Dive into Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions. Education Science, 1-13, https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ educsci11120770 https://www. mdpi.com/journal/education
Alenezi, M. (2023). Digital learning and digital institution in higher education. Education Sciences, 13(1), 88.
Benavides, L. M. C., Tamayo Arias, J. A., Arango Serna, M. D., Branch Bedoya, J. W., & Burgos, D. (2020). Digital transformation in higher education institutions: A systematic literature review. Sensors, 20(11), 3291.
Bisri, A., Putri, A., & Rosmansyah, Y. (2023). A systematic literature review on digital transformation in higher education: Revealing key success factors. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Online), 18(14), 164.
Bucăţa, G., Popescu, F., & Tileagă, C. (2022, June). Digital transformation of higher education system. In International conference knowledge-based organization (Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 158-168). https://doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0025
Balyer, A., & Öz, Ö. (2018). Academicians’ views on digital transformation in education. nternational Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), Vol. 5(4), 809-830
Bates, T. (2015). Teaching in a digital age: Guidelines for designing teaching and learning for a digital age. Retrieved on February 16, 2018 from https://opentextbc. ca/teachinginadigitalage/
Biecek, P., & Burzykowski, T. (2021). Explanatory Model Analysis: Explore, Explain, and Examine Predictive Models. Chapman and Hall/CRC
Cain, J. (2018). It’s time to confront student mental health issues associated with smartphones and social media. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(7), 738–741. https://doi.org/10.5688/AJPE6862
Casadio, P., Rackett, T., & Williams, G. (2021). The future of work, technology and the social market economy in Cambodia. In R. Hör & T. Hesketh (Eds.), Future of work digital insights (4th ed., pp. 204–214). Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
Chea, P., BO, C., & Ryuto, M. (2022). Cambodian secondary school teachers’ readiness for online teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. CDRI Working Paper Series No. 134. CDRI.
Chen, L. L., Mirpuri, S., Rao, N., & Law, N. (2021). Conceptualization and measurement of digital citizenship across disciplines. Educational Research Review, 33, 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021. 100379
Chhorn, T. (2024). Educational Research Methodology: Writing Thesis. National Institute of Education (NIE).
Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu. 2017.01.002
Copp, J. E., Mumford, E. A., & Taylor, B. G. (2021). Online sexual harassment and cyberbullying in a nationally representative sample of teens: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences. Journal of Adolescence, 93, 202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.10.003
Council of Europe. (2019). Developing and promoting digital citizenship education - Recommendation CM/Rec (2019)10 adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 21 November 2020. 25.
Culminas-Colis, M. V., & Reyes, W. S. (2024). Integrating digital citizenship in social studies. Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 14(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol14.2.1.2024
Dash, T., Yem, B., & An, S. (2021). COVID–19, digital transformation, and skills gap among the Cambodian young labor force. In R. Hör & T. Hesketh (Eds.), Future of work digital insights (4th ed., pp. 216–225).
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
Dhamodharan, M., & Sunaina, K. (2023). Cyberbullying: A disturbed psyche and digital abuse in 21st century. In M. Boskovic, G. Misev, & N. Putnik (Eds.), Analyzing new forms of social disorders in modern virtual environments (pp. 224–249). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5760-3.ch010
Díaz-Garcia, V., Montero-Navarro, A., Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L., & Gallego-Losada, R. (2023). Managing digital transformation: A case study in a higher education institution. Electronics, 12(11), 2522.
Dirk, I., Sandra, H., Marc, E., & Christian, H. (2021). Digital Transformation of Learning Organizations. Springer OPEN, https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-3-030-55878-9
DQ Institute. (2019). DQ global standards report 2019: Common framework for digital literacy, skills and readiness. DQ Institute.
Elçiçek, M., & Erdemci, H. (2021). Investigation of 21st-century competencies and e-learning readiness of higher education students on the verge of digital transformation. Journal of Computer and Education Research, 9(17), 80-101.
Fekih-Romdhane, F., Jahrami, H., Away, R., Trabelsi, K., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Seeman, M. V., Hallit, S., & Cheour, M. (2023). The relationship between technology addictions and schizotypal traits: Mediating roles of depression, anxiety, and stress. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), Article 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04563-9
Fernández-Prados, J. S., Lozano-Díaz, A., & Ainz-Galende, A. (2021). Measuring digital citizenship: A comparative analysis. Informatics, 8(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8010018
Flores, E. P., & Mean, U. (2024). Digital transformation in Cambodian higher education and its impact on teaching and learning outcomes. Journal of Accounting, Finance, Economics, and Social Sciences, 9(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.62458/jafess9(1)3
Forrester. (2016) Leading Digital Business Transformation. [Online] Forrester Research, Inc. [20Oct2017] Available: https://www.imd.org /ldbt/ digital-business-transformation
Funk, A., Vesteinsson, K., & Baker, G. (2024). Freedom on the net: The struggle for trust online. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2024/struggle-trust-online
Giannoutsou, N., Ioannou, A., Timotheou, S., Miliou, O., Dimitriadis, Y., Cachia, R., Villagrá-Sobrino, & Martínez-Monés, A. (2024). Unpacking the impact of digital technologies in education: Literature review and assessment framework. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/214675
Gkrimpizi, T., & Peristeras, V. (2022, October). Barriers to digital transformation in higher education institutions. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (pp. 154-160). https://doi.org/10.1145/3560107.356 0135
Gkrimpizi, T., Peristeras, V., & Magnisalis, I. (2023). Classification of barriers to digital transformation in higher education institutions: Systematic literature review. Education Sciences, 13(7), 746.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam Books.
Gong, Z., Wang, M., Nanjappan, V., Georgiev, G.V. (2023). Effects of Digital Technologies on Cultural Factors in Creativity Enhancement. In: Chakrabarti, A., Singh, V. (eds) Design in the Era of Industry 4.0, Volume 3. ICORD 2023. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 346. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0428-0_32
Gottschalk, F. (2019). Impacts of technology use on children: Exploring literature on the brain, cognition and well-being. OECD Education Working Paper No. 195. https://one.oecd.org/document/EDU/WKP%282019%293/En/pdf
Hang-Chuon, N. (2021). Digital Transformation in Education. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15 (9), 1277-1288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104973230 5276687
IDC. (2015). Digital Transformation (DX): An Opportunity and an Imperative. [Online] IDCResearch. [20Oct2017] Available: https://www.idc.com/ prodserv/decisionscapes /RESOURCES/ATTACHMENTS/IDC_254721_ExecBrief_Digital_Transformation.pdf
In-Seong, J., Sang-Mok, J., & Ki-Sang, S. (2022). Design and development of ICT major curriculum for pre-service teacher in developing countries: Focused on Cambodia. Edutainment Research, 4(2), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.36237/koedus.4.2.121
Ivankova, N. V., & Creswell, J. W. (2009). Mixed methods. In J. Heigham & R. A. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics: a Practical Introduction (135-161). New York: Palgrave Macmillan
James, C., Weinstein, E., & Mendoza, K. (2021). Teaching digital citizens in today’s world: Research and insights behind the commonsense K-12 digital citizenship curriculum. Common Sense Media. https://openlab.bmcc.cuny.edu/edu-210-b18l-fall-2023-j-longley/wp-content/uploads/sites/3085/2023/04/common_sense_education_digital_citizenship_research_backgrounder-2-copy.pdf
Jones, L. M., & Mitchell, K. J. (2016). Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media & Society, 18(9), 2063–2079. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815577797
Keo, V., Sam, R., Lan, B., & Rouet, W. (2024). Challenges and opportunities of educational technology integration in Cambodian higher education institutions: A literature review. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counselling (IJEPC), 9(54). https://gaexcellence.com/ijepc/article/view/285
Khan, S. K., Sohail, A., & Kashif, M. F. (2024). Toward Digital Resilience: Strategies for Promoting Positive Mental Health in the Age of Social Media. Global Management Sciences Review, IX(I), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmsr.2024(IX-I).02
Kim, M., & Choi, D. (2018). Development of youth Digital Citizenship Scale and implication for educational setting. Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 155–171.
Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., & Cain, W. (2013). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)? Journal of Education, 193(3), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205741319300303
Komar Rikreay Association. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on child protection and well-being.
Larionov, V. G., Sheremetyeva, E. N., & Gorshkova, L. A. (2021). Digital transformation of higher education: Technologies and digital competencies. Bulletin of the Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics, (2), 61-69.
Latifah, R., Budiyanto, C. W., & Saputro, H. (2022). Digital transformation readiness in education: A review. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 12(8), 809-815.
Litiņa, S., & Miltuze, A. (2023). Factors influencing digital competence of higher education students: A scoping review. Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 2023. https://doi.org/10.22364/htqe. 2023.36. Lim, M. (2023). Media literacy education in Cambodia: What, why, how. In K. Heng, K. Sol, S. Kaing, & S. Em (Eds.), Innovations and challenges in Cambodian education: Youth’s perspectives (pp. 131–144). Cambodian Education Forum. http://dx.doi.org/10.62037/ cef.book.2023.09.05
Masadeh, M. A. (2012). Focus Group: Reviews and Practices. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2(10), 63-68
Meates, J. (2020). Problematic digital technology use of children and adolescents: Psychological impact. Teachers and Curriculum, 20(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.15663/tandc.v20i1.349
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. (2023). Cambodia Child Online Protection Guideline for the Digital Technology Industry. https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/media/7751/file/Cambodian%20Child%20Online%20Protection%20Guidelines.pdf
MoEYS (2019). Educational Strategy Plan 2019-2023. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
Mohamed Hashim, M. A., Tlemsani, I. and Matthews, R. (2022). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3171-3195.
MoEYS. (2016). Curriculum framework for general education and technical education.
MoEYS. (2019). Cambodia education roadmap 2030.
MoEYS. (2024). Education strategic plan 2024-2028 (Issue June).
Morel, G. M., & Spector, J. M. (2022). Foundations of educational technology: Integrative approaches and interdisciplinary perspectives. Routledge.
Niță, V., & Guțu, I. (2023). The Role of leadership and digital transformation in higher education students’ work engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 5124.
Nizariah, S. (2021). The impact of technology on adolescent social change: A case study on the use of social media. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology, and Modern Society (ICSTMS 2020), 576, 500–502. https://doi.org/10.2991/ assehr.k. 210909.106
NV. (2017) Digital Transformation in Higher Education. [Online] Navitas Ventures. [20Oct2017] Available: https://www.navitasventures.com /wp-content/uploads/2017 /08/HE-Digital-Transformation-_Navitas _Ventures_-EN.pdf
OECD. (2017). Key Issues for Digital Transformation in The G20. OECD
OECD. (2018). An OECD learning framework 2030. In G. Bast, E. G. Carayannis, D. F. J. Campbell (Eds.), The future of education and labor. Arts, research, innovation and society. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26068-2_3
OECD. (2023). OECD digital education outlook 2023: Towards an effective digital education ecosystem. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/c74f03de-en
OECD. (2024a). Curriculum flexibility and autonomy: Promoting a thriving learning environment. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/ eccbbac 2-en
OECD. (2024b). Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction. Programme for International Student Assessment. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/05/managing-screen-time_023f2390/7c225af4-en.pdf
Öztürk, G. (2021). Digital citizenship and its teaching: A literature review. Journal of Educational Technology & Online Learning, 4(1), 31-45.
Pang, S., Nhor, R., & Em, S. (2022). Cambodian teachers’ readiness of using ICT: The case of rural upper-secondary schools. Jurnal As-Salam, 6(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.37249/assalam.v6i2.432
Parlak, B. (2017). Dijital çağda eğitim: Olanaklar ve uygulamalar üzerine bir analiz [Education in Digital Age: An analysis on opportunities and practices]. Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 22(15), 1741-1759
Paulo, S. (2020). A System Approach to Digital Education. UNICEF-Timor-Leste, Conference Reimagine Education: ICT & Innovation in Timor-Leste
Paunescu, C., Lepik, K. L., & Spencer, N. (2022). Social Innovation in Higher Education. Springer, Open Access, Open Access: http://creativecommons.org /licenses/ by/4.0/
Raab, M., & Griffin-Cryan, B. (2011). Digital Transformation of Supply Chains: Creating Value –When Digital Meets Physical: Capgemini Consulting
Ribble, M., & Bailey, G. D. (2007). Digital citizenship in schools. International Society for Technology in Education.
Ribble, M., & Park, M. (2019). The digital citizenship handbook for school leaders: Fostering positive interactions online. International Society for Technology in Education.
Rima Aditya, B., Ferdiana, R., & Suning Kusumawardani, S. (2021, May). Digital transformation in higher education: A barrier framework. In 2021 3rd International Conference on Modern Educational Technology, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1145/3468978.3468995
Rof, A., Bikfalvi, A., & Marquès, P. (2020). Digital transformation for business model innovation in higher education: Overcoming the tensions. Sustainability, 12(12), 4980.
Shenkoya, T., & Kim, E. (2023). Sustainability in higher education: Digital transformation of the fourth industrial revolution and its impact on open knowledge. Sustainability, 15(3), 2473.
Segura, L., Estévez, J. F., & Estévez, E. (2020). Empathy and emotional intelligence in adolescent cyber aggressors and cyber victims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), Article 4681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134681
Silva, L. (2017). Challenges of Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: A brief discussion. ResearchGate, Conference paper, https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/330601808
Sisman, M. (2016). Eğitim bilimlerine giriş [Introduction to educational sciences], Ankara: Pegem Academy Publications.
Slaughter, A., & Newman, E. (2022). New frontiers: Moving beyond cyberbullying to define online harassment. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i2.5
Sok, S., & Heng, K. (2024). Research on teacher education and implications for improving the quality of teacher education in Cambodia. International Journal of Professional Development, Learners and Learning, 6(1), ep2401. https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/14042
Sot, V., Chey, C., & Chhinh, S. (2022). The teaching profession in Cambodia: Progress to date and ongoing needs. In 10.1007/978-981-16-8213-1_7.Supreme National Economic Council. (2021). Cambodia Digital Economy and Society Policy Framework 2021-2035. Royal Government of Cambodia. https://itd.mef.gov.kh/sharing category/digital/%0Ahttps://itd.mef.gov.kh/assets/uploads/2021/08/Digital-Economy-and-Society-Framework-EN.pdf
Supreme National Economic Council (2021). Frameworks of Econumic Policy and Digital Society of Cambodia 2021-2035. Supreme National Economic Council
Szmodis, W., Russell, M., & Bodzin, A. M. (2015). Using local contexts for learning: The Caring for Cambodia approach. In S. Stratton, R. Hagevik, A. Feldman, & M. Bloom (Eds.), Educating science teachers for sustainability (pp. 363–379). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-3-319-16411-3_19
Taşkıran, A. (2017). Dijital çağda yükseköğretim [Higher education in the digital age] Journal of open education practice and research, Vol. (1), 96-109
Thy, S., Im, R., & Iwayama, T. (2023). Examining Cambodian high school science teachers’ perception of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Journal of Science and Education (JSE), 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.56003/jse.v4i1.232
Timotheou, S., Miliou, O., Dimitriadis, Y., Sobrino, S. V., Giannoutsou, N., Cachia, R., Monés, A. M., & Ioannou, A. (2023). Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors influencing schools’ digital capacity and transformation: A literature review. In Education and Information Technologies, 28(6), 6695–6726. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10639-022-11431-8
UNESCO. (2019a). Digital Kids Asia-Pacific: Insights into children’s digital citizenship. UNESCO Office Bangkok and Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ ark:/48223/pf0000367985
UNESCO. (2022). Bangkok statement 2022: Towards an effective learning recovery for all and transforming education in Asia-Pacific. UNESCO Office Bangkok and Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381962
UNESCO. (2023). Digital citizenship in Asia-Pacific: Translating competencies for teacher innovation and student resilience. UNESCO Office Bangkok and Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000385426
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2018). A global framework of reference on digital literacy skills for indicator 4.4.2. UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 51. https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/ip51-global-framework-reference-digital-literacy-skills-2018-en.pdf
UNICEF. (2021). Digital literacy in education systems: Key insights and opinions of young people. UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office. https://www.unicef.org/eap/media/7766/file/Digital%20Literacy%20in%20Education%20Systems%20Across%20ASEAN%20Cover.pdf
UNICEF. (2022). Disrupting harm in Cambodia. https://www.unicef.org/ innocenti/media/4136/file/DH-Cambodia-Report-2022.pdf
Valdés, K. N., y Alpera, S. Q., & Cerdá Suárez, L. M. (2021). An institutional perspective for evaluating digital transformation in higher education: Insights from the Chilean case. Sustainability, 13(17), 9850.
Valverde-Berrocoso, J., Acevedo-Borrega, J., & Cerezo-Pizarro, M. (2022, June). Educational technology and student performance: A systematic review. Frontiers in Education, 7, 916502. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.916502
Vuorikari, R., Kluzer, S., & Punie, Y. (2022). DigComp 2.2, The Digital Competence framework for citizens – with new examples of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/115376
Wekerle, C., Daumiller, M., & Kollar, I. (2022). Using digital technology to promote higher education learning: The importance of different learning activities and their relations to learning outcomes. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(1), 1-17.
Yılmaz Özden, Ş. (2023). Investigating the relationship between digital instructional material development self-efficacy, digital literacy and critical thinking disposition. Journal of Educational Technology & Online Learning, 6(4), 911-92
Yureva, O. V., Burganova, L. A., Kukushkina, O. Y., Myagkov, G. P., & Syradoev, D. V. (2020). Digital Transformation and Its Risks in Higher Education: Students' and Teachers' Attitude. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11B), 5965 - 5971. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.13189/ujer.2020.082232
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Education Innovation and Language Teaching (JEILT)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License





